生物脱硫工艺技术包括生物过滤、生物吸附和生物滴滤。三个系统都是开放系统，它们的微生物种群随着环境的变化而变化。在生物脱硫过程中，被氧化的含硫污染物先被还原成硫化物或H2S，然后再被氧化成单质硫才能被脱除。在大多数生物反应器中，微生物种类主要是细菌，其次是真菌，很少有酵母。常用的细菌有氧化亚铁硫杆菌、脱氮硫杆菌和硫杆菌。非常成功的代表是氧化亚铁硫杆菌，其非常适pH值为2.0 ~ 2.2.

The biological desulfurization process technology includes biological filtration, biological adsorption, and biological drip filtration. All three systems are open systems, and their microbial populations change with environmental changes. In the process of biological desulfurization, the oxidized sulfur-containing pollutants must first be reduced to sulfides or H2S, and then oxidized to elemental sulfur before they can be removed. In most bioreactors, the microbial species are mainly bacteria, followed by fungi, with very few yeast. The commonly used bacteria include ferrous sulfide bacteria, denitrifying sulfide bacteria, and sulfur bacteria. The most successful representative is Thiobacillus ferrooxidans, whose optimal pH value is 2.0~2.2

存在的问题

Existing problems

1.更好的菌株

1. Better strains of bacteria

总的来说，试剂硫芴是能够代表煤中有机硫的典型化合物。生物脱硫工艺技术脱除煤中有机硫的微生物筛选实验时。它们大多用作培养基的营养成分，微生物降解磺基芴有两种不同的途径。第一种称为“4s”途径，即亚砜经过砜、磺酸酯，非常后是硫酸酯。这种方法是通过特定的降解将硫芴中的硫去除，而其中的碳将保持完整。第二个是碳的破坏性代谢，导致磺基芴的整体降解。许多研究人员一直试图分离或培养能够降解或辅助降解磺基芴的菌株，但几乎所有分离的菌株都只能通过破坏碳来降解磺基芴。问题是选择能专门降解有机物的菌株。

Overall, the reagent sulfur fluorene is a typical compound that can represent organic sulfur in coal. During the microbial screening experiment of using biological desulfurization technology to remove organic sulfur from coal. They are mostly used as nutrients in culture media, and there are two different pathways for microbial degradation of sulfofluorenes. The first pathway is called the "4s" pathway, where sulfoxides pass through sulfones, sulfates, and finally sulfates. This method removes sulfur from sulfur fluorene through specific degradation, while keeping the carbon intact. The second is the destructive metabolism of carbon, which leads to the overall degradation of sulfofluorene. Many researchers have been attempting to isolate or cultivate strains that can degrade or assist in the degradation of sulfofluorenes, but almost all isolated strains can only degrade sulfofluorenes by destroying carbon. The problem is to choose strains that can specifically degrade organic matter.

2.稳定脱硫

2. Stable desulfurization

据说有几个菌株可以用来脱除有机硫。但这些菌株及其在脱除煤中有机硫的作用不够稳定，结构重现性差。生物脱硫工艺技术几乎每个研究机构都提到了稳定性和重现性的问题。用微生物处理煤的前提条件是筛选具有稳定脱硫能力的菌株，但这类菌株很难获得。

It is said that there are several strains of bacteria that can be used to remove organic sulfur. However, these strains and their ability to remove organic sulfur from coal are not stable enough, and their structural reproducibility is poor. Almost every research institution has mentioned the issues of stability and reproducibility in the biological desulfurization process technology. The prerequisite for using microorganisms to treat coal is to screen strains with stable desulfurization ability, but it is difficult to obtain such strains.

3.有机硫的保留

3. Retention of organic sulfur

需要一些新的分析方法来测定某种产品中的有机硫。非常流行的方法是美国材料试验研究所命名为d2492的方法。该方法通过化学方法分析煤样，测定总硫、硫酸盐和二硫化铁，从总硫含量中减去硫酸盐和二硫化铁的含量，间接得到有机硫的含量。这种方法得到的结构并不完全一致，同一个实验室分析的结构结果可能有10%的误差，不同实验室重复分析的误差高达20%。美国材料测试协会正在测试和修正这种方法。但是，这种误差程度的分析很难检测出菌种的改进和煤处理的结构，因为这种方法不能准确地确定一般的改进。生物脱硫工艺技术测定煤中硫含量的另一种方法是元素分析。电子微束可以聚焦在煤的一个小区域或颗粒上。如果对煤中没有无机物的地区进行分析，煤中的有机硫可以直接通过元素分析来确定。该技术非常有用，但由于其高特异性，不便于常规分析。扩展的X射线吸收精细结构技术也可用于特异性地检测煤中的有机硫。但是这种方法和电子微束法一样特异，不容易被广泛使用。

We need some new analytical methods to determine the organic sulfur in a certain product. The most popular method is the one named d2492 by the American Institute for Testing and Materials. This method analyzes coal samples through chemical methods, determines total sulfur, sulfate, and iron disulfide, and indirectly obtains the content of organic sulfur by subtracting the content of sulfate and iron disulfide from the total sulfur content. The structure obtained by this method is not completely consistent, and the structure results analyzed in the same laboratory may have a 10% error, while the error of repeated analysis in different laboratories can be as high as 20%. The American Society for Testing and Materials is comprehensively testing and revising this method. However, analyzing the degree of error is difficult to detect improvements in bacterial strains and the structure of coal processing, as this method cannot accurately determine general improvements. Another method for determining the sulfur content in coal using biological desulfurization technology is elemental analysis. Electron microbeam can focus on a small area or particle of coal. If analyzing areas without inorganic substances in coal, the organic sulfur in coal can be directly determined through elemental analysis. This technique is very useful, but due to its high specificity, it is not convenient for routine analysis. The extended X-ray absorption fine structure technology can also be used to specifically detect organic sulfur in coal. However, this method is as specific as the electron microbeam method and is not easily widely used.