在国补退坡、天然气价格波动等因素的影响下，湿垃圾厌氧产沼资源化利用方案优劣之争愈演愈烈，“制气”还是“发电”成为选择上的难点。本文对厌氧沼气提纯制生物天然气、热电联产、直燃供热和制备氢气等 4 种利用技术路线进行总结，再结合 4 个典型工程案例的数据，以沼气利用规模 3000 m3/h 为基准，建立经济模型进行成本效益分析得出：沼气热电联产（有电价补贴）>沼气提纯制天然气>沼气热电联产（无电价补贴）>沼气直燃供热。湿垃圾项目沼气资源化利用方案的最终选择应充分考虑项目规模、选址边界条件、投资、电力和蒸汽成本、产品市场消纳及价格、综合经济效益等多种因素，产品价格是最核心的因素。随着经济的发展，垃圾分类投放、分类收集、分类运输、分类处理的生活垃圾管理系统建设已作为基本国策列入 2020 年《中华人民共和国固体废物污染环境防治法》。住建部要求 2019 年起全国地级及以上城市要全面启动生活垃圾分类工作，到 2025 年前全国地级及以上城市要基本建成“垃圾分类”处理系统。相较于生活垃圾焚烧和卫生填埋，分类收运后的湿垃圾（餐厨+厨余垃圾）成为一个新细分垃圾处理门类，也是垃圾分类处理相对薄弱的环节。目前，主流湿垃圾处理技术核心环节为厌氧消化，厌氧沼气是资源化过程的主要产品，属于绿色可再生能源，也是项目主要经济收入之一。在实现湿垃圾无害化、减量化的前提下，如何最大程度地提高资源化水平和经济效益，为城市持续提供基础服务，并助力实现无废城市的目标，是湿垃圾厌氧沼气资源化利用的关键挑战。沼气主要成分为甲烷，具有无色无味、热值高（20800~23600 kJ/m3）等特点，是一种很好的清洁燃料，也是一种温室气体（甲烷吸收红外线的能力约为二氧化碳的 26 倍，其温室效应比二氧化碳高 22 倍，占温室气体贡献量的 15%）。厌氧沼气可转化为电力、蒸汽、生物天然气、氢气、甲醇等资源化利用，具有良好的经济效益，且可减少空气污染，降低对化石能源的依赖，对碳中和、碳达峰目标的实现具有重要现实意义。此前，针对沼气资源化利用的相关技术研究较多，但缺乏有针对性的沼气利用的综合技术经济和应用场景分析。在生物质发电面临“国补退坡”、国际贸易动荡致天然气能源价格波动、双碳战略等诸多背景下，湿垃圾厌氧沼气资源化利用技术方案的优劣之争愈演愈烈，“制气”还是“发电”甚至成为“路线之争”。针对上述问题，综合分析比较 4 种沼气资源化利用技术，并选取 3 种主流技术的 4 个典型案例进行成本和效益的经济分析，进而针对 4 种沼气资源化利用技术进行应用场景分析，旨在为不断建设的湿垃圾资源化厂沼气资源化利用方案的选择提供参考和借鉴。

　　Under the influence of factors such as the decline of national subsidies and fluctuations in natural gas prices, the debate over the advantages and disadvantages of anaerobic biogas resource utilization schemes for wet garbage has become increasingly fierce, and the choice between "gas production" and "power generation" has become a difficult point. This article summarizes four utilization technology routes, including anaerobic biogas purification to produce biogas, cogeneration, direct combustion heating, and hydrogen production. Combined with data from four typical engineering cases, an economic model is established based on a biogas utilization scale of 3000 m3/h for cost-benefit analysis. The results show that biogas cogeneration (with electricity price subsidies)>biogas purification to produce natural gas>biogas cogeneration (without electricity price subsidies)>biogas direct combustion heating. The final selection of the biogas resource utilization plan for wet garbage projects should fully consider various factors such as project scale, site boundary conditions, investment, electricity and steam costs, product market consumption and price, and comprehensive economic benefits. Product price is the most crucial factor. With the development of the economy, the construction of a household waste management system for garbage classification, collection, transportation, and treatment has been included as a basic national policy in the 2020 Solid Waste Pollution Prevention and Control Law of the People's Republic of China. The Ministry of Housing and Urban Rural Development requires that from 2019 onwards, all prefecture level and above cities in China should fully launch the work of household waste classification, and by 2025, a "waste classification" treatment system should be basically established in all prefecture level and above cities in China. Compared to incineration and sanitary landfill of household waste, wet waste (kitchen and kitchen waste) after classification and transportation has become a new sub category of waste treatment, and it is also a relatively weak link in waste classification and treatment. At present, the core process of mainstream wet waste treatment technology is anaerobic digestion, and anaerobic biogas is the main product of resource utilization process, belonging to green renewable energy and also one of the main economic incomes of the project. On the premise of achieving harmless and reduced wet garbage, how to maximize the level of resource utilization and economic benefits, provide sustainable basic services for cities, and help achieve the goal of a waste free city is the key challenge for the anaerobic biogas resource utilization of wet garbage. The main component of biogas is methane, which is colorless, odorless, and has a high calorific value (20800~23600 kJ/m3). It is an excellent clean fuel and a greenhouse gas (methane has an infrared absorption capacity about 26 times that of carbon dioxide, and its greenhouse effect is 22 times higher than that of carbon dioxide, accounting for 15% of the greenhouse gas contribution). Anaerobic biogas can be converted into resources such as electricity, steam, biogas, hydrogen, methanol, etc., which have good economic benefits and can reduce air pollution and dependence on fossil fuels. It has important practical significance for achieving carbon neutrality and peak carbon emissions goals. Previously, there were many studies on the relevant technologies for the utilization of biogas resources, but there was a lack of comprehensive technical, economic, and application scenario analysis for targeted biogas utilization. Against the backdrop of the decline in national subsidies for biomass power generation, fluctuations in natural gas energy prices caused by international trade turbulence, and the dual carbon strategy, the debate over the advantages and disadvantages of anaerobic biogas resource utilization technology solutions for wet waste is becoming increasingly intense. Whether to "produce gas" or "generate electricity" has even become a "battle of the road". In response to the above issues, a comprehensive analysis and comparison of four biogas resource utilization technologies were conducted, and four typical cases of three mainstream technologies were selected for economic analysis of costs and benefits. Furthermore, an application scenario analysis was conducted for the four biogas resource utilization technologies, aiming to provide reference and inspiration for the selection of biogas resource utilization schemes for the continuous construction of wet waste resource utilization plants.

　　一湿垃圾厌氧沼气资源化利用

　　Resource utilization of anaerobic biogas from wet garbage

　　1. 湿垃圾厌氧沼气组分特点湿垃圾厌氧沼气是一种混合气体，成分较复杂，不同原料、发酵工艺、发酵条件和发酵阶段所产沼气的组分不尽相同。以餐厨垃圾和厨余垃圾等为原料，经预处理和厌氧消化所产生的原生沼气组分和物化参数范围如表 1 和表 2 所示。表1 原生沼气和净化后沼气的组分注：其他成分包括 N2、O2、CO、H2、H2O、硅氧烷和小分子烷烃等。表2 原生沼气和净化后沼气的物化参数注：厌氧消化工艺一般有3个温度范围（常温20~25℃、中温30~40℃、高温50~60℃）。

　　1. Composition characteristics of wet garbage anaerobic biogas Wet garbage anaerobic biogas is a mixed gas with complex components, and the composition of biogas produced from different raw materials, fermentation processes, fermentation conditions, and fermentation stages varies. The original biogas components and physicochemical parameter ranges generated by pre-treatment and anaerobic digestion using kitchen waste and kitchen waste as raw materials are shown in Tables 1 and 2. Table 1 Composition of Primary Biogas and Purified Biogas: Other components include N2, O2, CO, H2, H2O, siloxane, and small molecule alkanes. Table 2 Physical and Chemical Parameters of Primary Biogas and Purified Biogas Note: Anaerobic digestion processes generally have three temperature ranges (room temperature 20-25 ℃, medium temperature 30-40 ℃, high temperature 50-60 ℃).

　　2. 沼气预处理技术厌氧消化产生的原生沼气中 CO2 降低了其热值，H2S?和 H2O 会对后续设备和管道产生腐蚀，直接利用还会造成环境污染。因此，需设置沼气预处理单元。通过沼气存储、脱硫净化、脱水及增压等过程，一方面缓冲产气峰谷，另一方面除去 CO2、H2S 和水蒸气等成分便于资源化利用。根据 GB/T 51063—2014 大中型沼气工程技术规范，沼气宜采用低压存储，储气容积宜按日用气量的 10%~30% 确定。目前，国内外湿垃圾项目常用的沼气柜有两种：双膜气柜和外钢内膜气柜。我国湿垃圾资源化处理项目主要根据外部环境影响、投资强度和选址占地面积等因素综合选用不同的沼气柜。沼气利用前需经脱硫、脱水、除尘等预处理（主要是除去 H2S 和水蒸气），减轻对后续设备、管道及仪表的污染和腐蚀，延长设备使用寿命；同时避免污染大气或保证产品品质。工程实例中主要工艺单元包括增压、过滤、脱硫、冷干脱水、稳压等环节。根据其核心脱硫工艺单元的原理不同，常用的沼气脱硫净化工艺包括生物脱硫、湿法脱硫、干法脱硫，上述 3 种单一的脱硫工艺均能满足出气 H2S<0.01%，采用组合脱硫工艺可达出气 H2S<0.001%，满足各种利用方案设备、产品和环保要求。工程应用中对沼气净化后组分及物化参数的要求如表 1~表 2 所示。

　　2. Biogas pretreatment technology: The CO2 in the primary biogas produced by anaerobic digestion reduces its calorific value, while H2S and H2O can corrode subsequent equipment and pipelines. Direct utilization can also cause environmental pollution. Therefore, it is necessary to set up a biogas pretreatment unit. Through processes such as biogas storage, desulfurization and purification, dehydration, and pressurization, on the one hand, the peak and valley of gas production are buffered, and on the other hand, components such as CO2, H2S, and water vapor are removed for resource utilization. According to GB/T 51063-2014 Technical Specification for Large and Medium sized Biogas Engineering, biogas should be stored at low pressure, and the storage capacity should be determined based on 10% to 30% of the daily gas consumption. At present, there are two commonly used types of biogas tanks for wet waste projects both domestically and internationally: double membrane gas tanks and outer steel inner membrane gas tanks. The wet waste resource utilization project in China mainly selects different biogas tanks based on factors such as external environmental impact, investment intensity, and site area. Before utilizing biogas, it needs to undergo pre-treatment such as desulfurization, dehydration, and dust removal (mainly to remove H2S and water vapor) to reduce pollution and corrosion to subsequent equipment, pipelines, and instruments, and extend the service life of the equipment; Simultaneously avoiding air pollution or ensuring product quality. The main process units in the engineering example include pressurization, filtration, desulfurization, cold dry dehydration, and pressure stabilization. According to the different principles of its core desulfurization process units, commonly used biogas desulfurization and purification processes include biological desulfurization, wet desulfurization, and dry desulfurization. All three single desulfurization processes can meet the requirements of H2S<0.01% in the exhaust gas, and the combination desulfurization process can achieve H2S<0.001% in the exhaust gas, meeting the equipment, product, and environmental protection requirements of various utilization schemes. The requirements for the components and physicochemical parameters of purified biogas in engineering applications are shown in Tables 1 to 2.

　　2. 沼气资源化利用技术预处理后的沼气资源化通过对主要成分甲烷的能量或纯度转换来实现，主要包括热电联产、提纯制天然气、直燃供热和制备氢气 4 种利用技术。天然气制绿色甲醇燃料项目对选址要求较为严格，通常建在有天然气管网的化工园区，且生产规模对该类项目投资收益影响较大，不适合与单一的湿垃圾资源化厂配套建设，目前我国尚未有运营案例，故本研究不做单独论述和分析。（1）沼气热电联产资源化技术。该技术是利用预处理净化后的沼气作为燃料，在内燃发电机组的机缸内燃烧，通过活塞带动曲轴转化为机械能输出，进而带动发电机发电。内燃机中产生的高温烟气可经余热锅炉产蒸汽供热，实现热电联产，最大程度地提高能源利用率。此外，内燃机气缸的高温高压使得助燃空气中 O2 与 N2 反应生成 NOx，为保护环境还应设置选择性非催化还原（Selective Non-catalytic Reduction，SNCR）烟气脱硝装置确保尾气达标排放。（2）沼气提纯制天然气资源化技术。沼气组分主要为 CH4 和 CO2，通过工艺技术净化除去 CO2 等杂质气体，分离出符合标准的天然气，通过加臭加压后由气罐车外运或并入城市天然气管道。国内外类似项目常用提纯方法包括水洗法、变压吸附法（Pressure Swing Adsorption，PSA）、醇胺吸附法和膜分离法。制备生物天然气应符合 GB/T 13611—2018 城镇燃气分类和基本特性中表 2 的 12T 技术指标要求。具体参数如表 3 所示。表3 提纯后生物天然气成分（3）沼气直燃供热资源化技术。沼气作为燃料直接送至燃气锅炉内燃烧产生蒸汽，将化学能转化为热能，产生的蒸汽除项目生产自用外，余汽可对外供热。沼气直燃供热技术一般适用于周边有长期稳定的供热需求客户或园区一体化供热项目，其主要适用于特定条件下的中小规模应用场景。（4）沼气制氢资源化技术。在高温高压及催化剂存在的条件下，沼气的主要组分甲烷和水蒸气发生重整化学反应：沼气进入重整和变换炉使得 CH4 转化成 H2 和 CO2，再经过换热、冷凝水气分离和加压进入装有特定吸附剂的吸附塔，采用 PSA 变压吸附、升压吸附等提纯方法制取产品氢气，同时释放其他气体。对以上 4 种沼气资源化利用技术的工艺过程、主要设备及技术特点的比较如表 4 所示。表4 沼气资源化利用技术对比

　　2. Biogas Resource Utilization Technology Pre treated biogas resource utilization is achieved by converting the energy or purity of the main component methane, mainly including four utilization technologies: cogeneration, purification of natural gas, direct combustion heating, and hydrogen production. The natural gas to green methanol fuel project has strict site selection requirements and is usually built in chemical parks with natural gas pipelines. The production scale has a significant impact on the investment returns of such projects and is not suitable for supporting the construction of a single wet waste recycling plant. Currently, there are no operational cases in China, so this study will not discuss and analyze them separately. (1) Biogas cogeneration resource utilization technology. This technology uses pre treated and purified biogas as fuel, burns it in the cylinder of an internal combustion generator set, and converts it into mechanical energy output through the piston driving the crankshaft, thereby driving the generator to generate electricity. The high-temperature flue gas generated in internal combustion engines can be heated by steam generated by waste heat boilers, achieving cogeneration and maximizing energy utilization. In addition, the high temperature and pressure of internal combustion engine cylinders cause O2 and N2 in the combustion air to react and generate NOx. To protect the environment, selective non catalytic reduction (SNCR) flue gas denitrification devices should be installed to ensure that exhaust emissions meet standards. (2) Biogas purification technology for natural gas resource utilization. The main components of biogas are CH4 and CO2, which are purified through process technology to remove impurities such as CO2, and natural gas that meets standards is separated. After odorization and pressurization, it is transported by gas tankers or integrated into urban natural gas pipelines. The commonly used purification methods for similar projects both domestically and internationally include water washing, pressure swing adsorption (PSA), alcohol amine adsorption, and membrane separation. The preparation of bio natural gas should comply with the 12T technical index requirements in Table 2 of GB/T 13611-2018 Classification and Basic Characteristics of Urban Gas. The specific parameters are shown in Table 3. Table 3: Components of Purified Bionatural Gas (3): Biogas Direct Combustion Heating Resource Utilization Technology. Biogas is directly sent as fuel to a gas boiler for combustion, producing steam that converts chemical energy into heat energy. The generated steam can be used for external heating, except for project production and self use. Biogas direct combustion heating technology is generally suitable for customers with long-term stable heating needs in the surrounding area or integrated heating projects in parks. It is mainly suitable for small and medium-sized application scenarios under specific conditions. (4) Biogas hydrogen production resource utilization technology. Under the conditions of high temperature, high pressure, and the presence of catalysts, the main components of biogas, methane and water vapor, undergo reforming chemical reactions: biogas enters the reforming and transformation furnace to convert CH4 into H2 and CO2, and then enters the adsorption tower equipped with specific adsorbents through heat exchange, condensation water gas separation, and pressurization. Purification methods such as PSA pressure swing adsorption and pressure boost adsorption are used to produce product hydrogen while releasing other gases. The comparison of the process, main equipment, and technical characteristics of the above four biogas resource utilization technologies is shown in Table 4. Table 4 Comparison of Biogas Resource Utilization Technologies

　　二研究过程与方法

　　Research Process and Methods

　　1. 典型工程案例选择根据统计资料，截至 2023 年底，全国湿垃圾厌氧消化处理设施约 400 余座。其中，沼气资源化利用方式为热电联产项目比例约 50%，提纯制天然气项目比例约 30%，沼气直燃供热项目比例约 20%。沼气制氢项目因安全问题、加氢站距离远等原因落地难度较大。目前，我国仅在广东佛山有 1 个试点项目，总体尚不成熟，经济效益较差。因此，对制氢项目不做具体经济效益分析。其他 3 种主流沼气资源化利用方式的 4 个典型案例概况如表 5 所示。其中，案例 1 和案例 2 的沼气资源化处理工艺均为热电联产。根据财政部、国家发改委、国家能源局联合颁布的《关于促进非水可再生能源发电健康发展的若干意见》（财建〔2020〕4 号）文件，2021 年底后并网的生物质发电项目不再列入中央补贴范围，而是由地方政府根据实际情况出台补贴政策。案例 1 沼气发电机组于 2020 年并网，取得了电价补贴，而案例 2 于 2024 年建成，未取得电价补贴。故选取二者分别加以讨论。表5 典型工程案例概况

　　According to statistical data, as of the end of 2023, there are approximately 400 anaerobic digestion and treatment facilities for wet garbage in China. Among them, the utilization of biogas resources includes about 50% of cogeneration projects, about 30% of purified natural gas projects, and about 20% of biogas direct combustion heating projects. The implementation of biogas hydrogen production projects is difficult due to safety issues and the long distance of hydrogen refueling stations. At present, China only has one pilot project in Foshan, Guangdong, which is not yet mature and has poor economic benefits. Therefore, no specific economic benefit analysis will be conducted for hydrogen production projects. The overview of four typical cases of the other three mainstream biogas resource utilization methods is shown in Table 5. Among them, the biogas resource utilization treatment processes of Case 1 and Case 2 are both combined heat and power generation. According to the "Several Opinions on Promoting the Healthy Development of Non Water Renewable Energy Power Generation" (Caijian [2020] No. 4) jointly issued by the Ministry of Finance, the National Development and Reform Commission, and the National Energy Administration, biomass power generation projects connected to the grid after the end of 2021 will no longer be included in the scope of central subsidies, but will be subsidized by local governments based on actual situations. Case 1: The biogas generator set was connected to the grid in 2020 and received electricity price subsidies, while Case 2 was completed in 2024 and did not receive electricity price subsidies. Therefore, choose to discuss the two separately. Table 5 Overview of Typical Engineering Cases

　　2. 研究方法选取典型工程案例，对其投资、运营成本及收益进行定量分析，采用成本效益比较分析法探讨湿垃圾厌氧沼气的 3 种主流资源化处理方案的经济可行性。主要分析条件包括：①确定测算基准规模，按湿垃圾处理规模 600 t/d、沼气产量 60000? m3/d、沼气资源化利用规模 3000 m3/h 作为测算基准；②明确分析主要成本和收入构成，包括投资、运营成本和产品销售收入。不同案例在投资、运行成本及产品收入方面均有较大差异，本研究以 a 为单位，考虑时间价值，采用“净年值法”进行经济效益分析。净年值（NAV）的计算公式为：式中：NAV 表示净年值；NAVE 表示效益净年值；NAVC 表示成本净年值；AEn 表示正常年净年收益；ACn 表示正常年净年成本。成本年值的计算公式为：式中：ACn 为正常年等值年成本；IC 为等值投资成本（设置费）；DC 为第 0? 年的一次投资成本；r 为利率；n 为使用寿命或计算年限；SCn 为正常年运行成本（维持费），其中正常达产年NAVC = ACn?。效益年值的计算公式为：式中：AEn 为第 n 年收益；Qn 为产品 n 的产量；an为产品 n 的销售单价，其中正常达产年 NAVE=AEn。

　　2. Research methods: Select typical engineering cases, quantitatively analyze their investment, operating costs, and benefits, and use cost-benefit comparative analysis to explore the economic feasibility of three mainstream resource utilization schemes for anaerobic biogas treatment of wet garbage. The main analysis conditions include: ① determining the benchmark scale for calculation, based on a wet garbage treatment scale of 600 t/d, biogas production of 60000 m3/d, and biogas resource utilization scale of 3000 m3/h as the calculation benchmark; ② Clearly analyze the main cost and revenue components, including investment, operating costs, and product sales revenue. There are significant differences in investment, operating costs, and product revenue among different cases. This study takes a as the unit, considers time value, and uses the "net annual value method" for economic benefit analysis. The calculation formula for net annual value (NAV) is: where NAV represents net annual value; NAVE represents the net annual value of benefits; NAVC represents the net annual cost value; AEn represents normal annual net profit; ACn represents the normal annual net cost. The formula for calculating the annual cost value is: where ACn is the equivalent annual cost of a normal year; IC is the equivalent investment cost (setup fee); DC is the investment cost for the 0th year; R is the interest rate; N is the service life or calculation period; SCn is the normal annual operating cost (maintenance fee), where NAVC=ACn in the normal production year. The calculation formula for the annual benefit value is: where AEn is the revenue in the nth year; Qn is the output of product n; An is the sales unit price of product n, where NAVE=AEn in the normal production year.

　　三成本及效益分析

　　Cost and benefit analysis

　　以典型工程案例数据为基础，通过对投资折旧、运行成本和产品收益等方面进行综合经济分析，确定 3 种沼气资源化利用技术在不同条件下的合适应用场景。为便于经济比较，4 个典型案例沼气利用规模均按 60000 m3/d 折算。其中，热电联产沼气发电机组容量为 4.8 MW，配套余热锅炉蒸发量为 5 t/h；制备生物天然气量为 36000 m3/d；沼气直燃蒸汽锅炉额定蒸发量为 18 t/h。

　　Based on typical engineering case data, a comprehensive economic analysis is conducted on investment depreciation, operating costs, and product returns to determine the suitable application scenarios of three biogas resource utilization technologies under different conditions. For the convenience of economic comparison, the scale of biogas utilization in the four typical cases is calculated at 60000 m3/d. Among them, the capacity of the cogeneration biogas generator unit is 4.8 MW, and the evaporation capacity of the supporting waste heat boiler is 5 t/h; Prepare a bio natural gas volume of 36000 m3/d; The rated evaporation capacity of the biogas direct fired steam boiler is 18 t/h.

　　1. 成本分析

　　1. Cost analysis

　　（1）投资成本沼气资源化利用设施的投资费用包括土建工程、设备和安装工程、征地费用等。各典型案例沼气利用系统投资经济指标及投资等值年成本见表6。主要经济基础数据如下：征地费用 100 万元/亩（1 亩约为 666.67 m2），建筑单位造价指标? 5000 元/m2，基础构筑物单位造价指标 1200 元/m3，设备和安装费按各典型案例初步设计概算计取，设备和安装工程投资折旧按 15 a 计取，土建工程和征地投资折旧按 30 a 计取，残值率按 5% 计取，基准投资收益率按 6% 计取。表6 典型案例沼气利用系统投资等值年成本分析虽然 4 个案例沼气存储和净化设施投资等均相同，但是案例 1、案例 2 中沼气利用设施需要设置沼气发电机组和余热锅炉等建筑用房。因此，其一次性投资和投资等值年成本大于案例 3 的沼气提纯天然气装置和案例 4 的制热锅炉。其中，案例 4 投资最小，其等值年成本仅约为案例 1 的 60%。

　　(1) The investment cost of biogas resource utilization facilities includes civil engineering, equipment and installation engineering, land acquisition costs, etc. The economic indicators and equivalent annual costs of investment in biogas utilization systems for each typical case are shown in Table 6. The main economic basic data are as follows: land acquisition cost is 1 million yuan/mu (1 mu is about 666.67 m2), building unit cost index is 5000 yuan/m2, basic structure unit cost index is 1200 yuan/m3, equipment and installation costs are calculated based on the preliminary design estimate of each typical case, equipment and installation engineering investment depreciation is calculated at 15 years, civil engineering and land acquisition investment depreciation is calculated at 30 years, residual value rate is calculated at 5%, and benchmark investment return rate is calculated at 6%. Although the investment in biogas storage and purification facilities in the four typical cases is the same, the biogas utilization facilities in Case 1 and Case 2 require building buildings such as biogas generators and waste heat boilers. Therefore, its one-time investment and equivalent annual cost are greater than the biogas purification natural gas device in Case 3 and the heating boiler in Case 4. Among them, Case 4 has the smallest investment, with an equivalent annual cost of only about 60% of Case 1.

　　（2）运营成本典型案例运营成本主要包括人工、水、电、药剂及检修成本等。各典型案例沼气利用系统运营成本见表7。主要经济基础数据如下：人均工资按 25 万元/a 计取；生产用自来水和锅炉软化水单价分别按 5 元/t 和 8 元/t 计取；案例 3 外购电单价为 0.8 元/kWh，案例 1、案例 2 电力自发自用和案例3 园区协同供电单价均为 0.65 元/kWh；药剂费用按实际计取；检修费用按设备投资的 5% 计取。由表 7 可知，沼气系统的运营成本主要为用电费、检修费用和人工费。其中，案例 1、案例 2 的年运营成本略大于案例 3。由于案例 4 工艺设备简单，年运营成本远低于其他案例，仅约为案例 1 的 73%。表7 典型案例沼气利用系统运营成本分析2. 效益分析沼气资源化利用系统的收益主要来自电力、生物天然气或蒸汽的销售收入。除了沼气利用系统外，湿垃圾资源化处理项目还包括预处理、厌氧消化、污水及除臭处理等工艺系统，这些系统消耗了大量电力和蒸汽资源。其中，案例 1 和案例 2 中沼气系统发电可满足工艺系统全部电力，余热锅炉产生蒸汽可满足工艺系统部分蒸汽消耗需求；案例 4 沼气系统产生的蒸汽可满足工艺系统的全部蒸汽消耗。为便于经济分析，将沼气利用系统以外的湿垃圾项目自用的蒸汽和电力成本均等值计入沼气系统销售收入，外售的电力、蒸汽或天然气按市场全量消纳计算销售收入。各典型案例沼气利用系统年经济收入见表8。主要经济基础数据如下：湿垃圾项目生产耗电量指标按 100 kWh/t（不含沼气利用系统耗电量）计取，单位沼气发电量指标按 2.2 kWh/m3 计取，享受国家可再生能源补贴的电价为 0.639 元/kWh，不享受电价补贴的电价按华东地区燃煤机组标杆电价 0.4155 元/kWh 计取；纳管天然气销售单价按案例 3 协议单价 2.3 元/m3 计取；1 MPa 饱和蒸汽单价均按 180 元/t 计取。表8 典型案例沼气利用系统年收益分析案例 1 和案例 2 热电联产的销售收入均高于案例 3 的生产生物天然气和案例 4 的生产蒸汽供热。主要原因是沼气热电联产利用与湿垃圾项目电力、蒸汽耗量较大相匹配，案例 2 即使在无电价补贴的情况下销售收入仍略高于案例 3。同时，热电联产方案受上网电价补贴影响较大，案例 1 比没有电价补贴的案例 2 销售收入增加约? 17%。

　　(2) Typical cases of operating costs include labor, water, electricity, chemicals, and maintenance costs. The operating costs of biogas utilization systems in various typical cases are shown in Table 7. The main economic basic data is as follows: the per capita salary is calculated at 250000 yuan/a; The unit prices of production tap water and boiler softened water are calculated at 5 yuan/t and 8 yuan/t respectively; The unit price of purchased electricity in Case 3 is 0.8 yuan/kWh, while the unit price of self use electricity in Case 1 and Case 2, as well as the unit price of collaborative power supply in Case 3, are both 0.65 yuan/kWh; The cost of medication is calculated based on actual expenses; The maintenance cost is calculated at 5% of the equipment investment. According to Table 7, the operating costs of the biogas system mainly include electricity bills, maintenance costs, and labor costs. Among them, the annual operating costs of Case 1 and Case 2 are slightly higher than Case 3. Due to the simple process equipment in Case 4, the annual operating cost is much lower than other cases, only about 73% of Case 1. Table 7 Typical Case Analysis of Operating Costs of Biogas Utilization System 2 The benefits of the biogas resource utilization system mainly come from the sales revenue of electricity, biogas or steam. In addition to the biogas utilization system, the wet waste resource utilization project also includes process systems such as pretreatment, anaerobic digestion, sewage and deodorization treatment, which consume a large amount of electricity and steam resources. Among them, the biogas system in Case 1 and Case 2 can generate all the electricity for the process system, and the steam generated by the waste heat boiler can meet some of the steam consumption requirements for the process system; Case 4: The steam generated by the biogas system can meet all the steam consumption of the process system. For the convenience of economic analysis, the cost of steam and electricity used for wet waste projects outside the biogas utilization system will be equally included in the sales revenue of the biogas system. The sales revenue of electricity, steam, or natural gas sold outside will be calculated based on the full market consumption. The annual economic income of each typical case biogas utilization system is shown in Table 8. The main economic basic data is as follows: the production power consumption index of wet waste projects is calculated at 100 kWh/t (excluding the power consumption of biogas utilization systems), and the unit biogas power generation index is calculated at 2.2 kWh/m3. The electricity price that enjoys the national renewable energy subsidy is 0.639 yuan/kWh, and the electricity price that does not enjoy the electricity price subsidy is calculated at the benchmark electricity price of 0.4155 yuan/kWh for coal-fired units in East China; The sales unit price of natural gas in the pipeline is calculated based on the agreed unit price of 2.3 yuan/m3 in Case 3; The unit price of 1 MPa saturated steam is calculated at 180 yuan/ton. Table 8 Typical Case Analysis of Annual Revenue of Biogas Utilization System. The sales revenue of Case 1 and Case 2 combined heat and power generation is higher than that of Case 3 for producing biogas and Case 4 for producing steam heating. The main reason is that the utilization of biogas cogeneration matches the high electricity and steam consumption of wet waste projects. Even without electricity price subsidies, Case 2 still has slightly higher sales revenue than Case 3. At the same time, the cogeneration scheme is greatly affected by the grid electricity price subsidy, with Case 1 increasing sales revenue by about 17% compared to Case 2 without electricity price subsidy.

　　3. 综合经济分析根据式（3）~式（5）以及成本和效益分析结果，按“年收入-（投资等值年成本+年运营费用）”计算 4 个典型案例的综合净年值，结果分别为 2477.06、1956.27、1983.94、1797.07 万元/a。各方案净年值顺序为 案例 1 >案例 3 >案例 2 >案例 4。案例1 的沼气热电联产方案由于存在上网电价补贴，其效益年值高，虽然运营成本高，其净年值也最高。案例 2 的沼气热电联产方案因没有电价补贴，其净年值略小于案例 3 制生物天然气的净年值，但依旧明显优于案例 4 的直燃供热。4. 敏感性分析沼气资源化利用系统综合效益受产品（电力、燃气、蒸汽）销售单价、总投资和运行成本影响。因此，选取这 3 个因子开展效益净年值的敏感性分析，分析结果如图 1 所示。由图 1 可知，综合效益受敏感因子影响排序为：产品单价>运行成本>总投资；而销售产品敏感性排序为：天然气>蒸汽>电力。因此，产品价格是影响沼气资源化利用方案综合效益的最核心因素。图1 典型案例沼气利用系统敏感性分析5. 产品价格对综合效益影响分析结合上述 4 个案例，在投资和运营成本为已建项目实际数据的情况下，天然气价格、蒸汽价格和上网电价决定了沼气资源化利用方案的综合效益。图 2 表示沼气利用产品的价格对效益净年值的影响。其中，案例 1 上网电价固定为 0.639 ?元/kWh（有电价补贴）；案例 2 上网电价固定为 0.4155 元/kWh（无电价补贴），蒸汽和天然气价格为变动价格；案例 3 以纳管天然气销售单价 2.3 元/m3 为基准价格，图 2 中横坐标相应系数取 1.0；案例 4 以销售蒸汽单价 180 元/t 为基准，图 2 中横坐标相应系数取 1.0。图2 典型案例沼气利用系统产品价格系数-效益净年值分析当天然气销售价格超过 2.28 元/m3（横坐标价格系数为 0.991）或蒸汽销售价格超过 191.50 元/t（横坐标价格系数为1.064）时，其效益净年值高于没有上网电价补贴的热电联产方案；当天然气销售价格超过 2.68 元/m3（横坐标价格系数为 1.166）或蒸汽销售价格超过 229.30 元/t（横坐标价格系数为 1.274）时，其效益净年值高于有上网电价补贴的热电联产方案。

　　3. Based on equations (3) to (5) and the results of cost and benefit analysis, the comprehensive net annual values of four typical cases were calculated according to "annual income - (investment equivalent annual cost+annual operating expenses)", and the results were 24.7706, 19.56.27, 19.8394, and 17.9707 million yuan/a, respectively. The order of net annual values for each scheme is Case 1>Case 3>Case 2>Case 4. The biogas cogeneration scheme in Case 1 has high annual benefits due to the existence of grid electricity price subsidies. Although the operating costs are high, its net annual value is also the highest. The biogas cogeneration scheme in Case 2, without electricity price subsidies, has a net annual value slightly lower than that of the biogas production in Case 3, but still significantly better than the direct combustion heating scheme in Case 4. 4. Sensitivity analysis shows that the comprehensive benefits of the biogas resource utilization system are affected by the sales unit price, total investment, and operating costs of the products (electricity, gas, steam). Therefore, sensitivity analysis was conducted on the net annual value of benefits using these three factors, and the analysis results are shown in Figure 1. As shown in Figure 1, the ranking of comprehensive benefits affected by sensitive factors is: product unit price>operating cost>total investment; The sensitivity ranking of sales products is: natural gas>steam>electricity. Therefore, product price is the most crucial factor affecting the comprehensive benefits of biogas resource utilization schemes. Figure 1 Sensitivity analysis of typical case biogas utilization system 5 Based on the analysis of the impact of product prices on comprehensive benefits and the above four cases, the comprehensive benefits of the biogas resource utilization plan are determined by the natural gas price, steam price, and grid electricity price when the investment and operating costs are based on the actual data of the constructed project. Figure 2 shows the impact of the price of biogas utilization products on the net annual value of benefits. Among them, Case 1 has a fixed on grid electricity price of 0.639 yuan/kWh (with electricity price subsidies); Case 2: The fixed on grid electricity price is 0.4155 yuan/kWh (without electricity price subsidies), and the prices of steam and natural gas are fluctuating; Case 3 takes the sales unit price of 2.3 yuan/m3 for natural gas as the benchmark price, and the corresponding coefficient on the horizontal axis in Figure 2 is taken as 1.0; Case 4 is based on a sales steam unit price of 180 yuan/t, and the corresponding coefficient on the horizontal axis in Figure 2 is taken as 1.0. Figure 2: Analysis of the Price Coefficient Benefit Net Annual Value of a Typical Case Biogas Utilization System Product. When the natural gas sales price exceeds 2.28 yuan/m3 (with a price coefficient of 0.991 on the horizontal axis) or the steam sales price exceeds 191.50 yuan/t (with a price coefficient of 1.064 on the horizontal axis), its benefit net annual value is higher than that of a cogeneration scheme without grid electricity price subsidies; When the sales price of natural gas exceeds 2.68 yuan/m3 (with a horizontal price coefficient of 1.166) or the sales price of steam exceeds 229.30 yuan/t (with a horizontal price coefficient of 1.274), its net annual benefit value is higher than that of the cogeneration scheme with grid electricity price subsidies.

　　四.应用场景分析

　　4 Application scenario analysis

　　沼气资源化利用方案的选择应充分考虑湿垃圾项目规模、选址边界条件、产品市场消纳及价格、综合经济效益等多种因素。4 类沼气资源化利用技术的应用场景如表 9 所示。由表 9 可知：沼气热电联产技术的产品特性与湿垃圾项目匹配性最好，适用于项目边界条件不理想的情况，尤其针对享受可再生能源发电上网补贴的大中型项目，其综合效益最好，是常规首选方案；沼气提纯制备天然气技术适用于园区有廉价电力和蒸汽协同供应的大中型项目，且天然气价格应高于 2.28/2.68 元/m3（相对于无/有上网电价补贴的热电联产），是有条件的高附加值的备选方案；沼气直燃供热技术适用于周边有长期稳定的供热需求客户或园区一体化供热需求的中小规模项目，且供热单价高于? 191.50/229.30 元/t（相对于无/有上网电价补贴的热电联产）时效益较佳，是一种有条件的方案；沼气制氢技术适用于有政策托底、氢能产销体系配套成熟的一、二线城市，可作为探索性大中型示范项目。表9 沼气资源化利用技术应用场景分析注：规模适配性中“大、中”指沼气处理规模不低于 30000 m?/d，“中、小”指沼气处理规模低于 30000 m?/d。

　　The selection of biogas resource utilization schemes should fully consider various factors such as the scale of wet waste projects, site boundary conditions, product market consumption and prices, and comprehensive economic benefits. The application scenarios of four types of biogas resource utilization technologies are shown in Table 9. According to Table 9, the product characteristics of biogas cogeneration technology match best with wet waste projects, making it suitable for situations where project boundary conditions are not ideal. Especially for large and medium-sized projects that enjoy subsidies for renewable energy generation, its comprehensive benefits are the best and it is the conventional preferred solution; The technology of purifying biogas to produce natural gas is suitable for large and medium-sized projects in the park that have low-cost electricity and steam co supply, and the natural gas price should be higher than 2.28/2.68/m3 (compared to cogeneration without/with grid electricity price subsidies), which is a conditionally high value-added alternative solution; The biogas direct combustion heating technology is suitable for small and medium-sized projects with long-term stable heating needs in the surrounding areas or integrated heating needs in parks, and the heating unit price is higher than 191.50/229.30 yuan/t (compared to cogeneration without/with grid electricity price subsidies), which has better benefits. It is a conditional solution; Biogas hydrogen production technology is suitable for first and second tier cities with policy support and mature hydrogen energy production and sales systems, and can be used as an exploratory large and medium-sized demonstration project. Table 9 Analysis of Application Scenarios for Biogas Resource Utilization Technology Note: In terms of scale adaptability, "large" and "medium" refer to a biogas treatment scale of not less than 30000 m ?/d, while "medium" and "small" refer to a biogas treatment scale of less than 30000 m ?/d.

　　五结论

　　Five conclusions

　　湿垃圾厌氧消化产生的沼气经预处理净化后的资源化利用技术主要包括热电联产、提纯制天然气、直燃供热和制备氢气 4 种。对其中 3 种主流技术的 4 个典型工程案例的成本、效益、敏感性和产品价格等进行分析，其综合效益排序为沼气热电联产（有电价补贴）案例>沼气提纯制天然气案例>沼气热电联产（无电价补贴）案例>沼气直燃供热案例。选择沼气资源化利用方案时，需要考虑项目规模、选址边界条件、投资、电力和蒸汽成本、产品市场和价格、综合经济效益等因素，产品价格是其中最核心的因素。对于有上网发电补贴的大中型湿垃圾项目，热电联产是首选；提纯制备天然气技术适合于有廉价电力和蒸汽供应的大中型项目，且天然气价格应高于 2.28/2.68 ?元/m3（相对于无/有上网电价补贴的热电联产）；直燃供热技术适合于有稳定供热需求的中小规模项目，且供热单价高于 191.50/229.30 元/t（相对于无/有上网电价补贴的热电联产）时效益较佳；沼气制氢技术适合于有政策支持、氢能市场成熟的一、二线城市，可作为示范项目探索。随着我国可再生能源补贴退出政策的实施，城市化水平提高，燃气管网等配套设施逐步完善，无废低碳产业园区化、供热一体化的发展趋势，沼气资源化利用技术的应用场景正在发生变化。因此，湿垃圾厌氧沼气资源化利用项目的设计决策需根据具体条件进行技术和经济分析。总之，湿垃圾厌氧消化产沼资源化利用技术具有广阔的应用前景，但仍需不断优化和改进，以克服现有技术面临的挑战，实现更高效、更环保的处理效果。

　　The resource utilization technology of biogas produced by anaerobic digestion of wet garbage after pretreatment and purification mainly includes four types: cogeneration, purification of natural gas, direct combustion heating, and preparation of hydrogen gas. Analyzing the cost, benefits, sensitivity, and product prices of four typical engineering cases of three mainstream technologies, the comprehensive benefit ranking is as follows: biogas cogeneration (with electricity price subsidies) case>biogas purification to produce natural gas case>biogas cogeneration (without electricity price subsidies) case>biogas direct combustion heating case. When choosing a biogas resource utilization plan, factors such as project scale, site boundary conditions, investment, electricity and steam costs, product market and price, and comprehensive economic benefits need to be considered, with product price being the most critical factor. For large and medium-sized wet waste projects with grid connected power generation subsidies, cogeneration is the preferred option; The technology of purifying and preparing natural gas is suitable for large and medium-sized projects with cheap electricity and steam supply, and the price of natural gas should be higher than 2.28/2.68/m3 (compared to cogeneration without/with grid electricity price subsidies); Direct combustion heating technology is suitable for small and medium-sized projects with stable heating demand, and the heating unit price is higher than 191.50/229.30 yuan/t (compared to cogeneration without/with grid electricity price subsidies), with better benefits; Biogas hydrogen production technology is suitable for first and second tier cities with policy support and mature hydrogen energy markets, and can be explored as a demonstration project. With the implementation of China's renewable energy subsidy withdrawal policy, the improvement of urbanization level, the gradual improvement of supporting facilities such as gas pipelines, and the development trend of waste free and low-carbon industrial parks and integrated heating, the application scenarios of biogas resource utilization technology are undergoing changes. Therefore, the design decision of the wet garbage anaerobic biogas resource utilization project needs to be based on specific conditions for technical and economic analysis. In summary, the technology of anaerobic digestion of wet garbage to produce biogas resources has broad application prospects, but it still needs continuous optimization and improvement to overcome the challenges faced by existing technologies and achieve more efficient and environmentally friendly treatment effects.

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