生物脱硫的核心过程是多硫化物介导的硫循环，通过化学氧化与生物代谢的耦合作用实现硫化氢向单质硫的转化与分离。多硫化物既是生物脱硫过程的中间产物，也是硫氧化菌代谢过程的关键底物，其浓度与链长分布直接影响着单质硫的选择性及分离效率。在微生物作用机制方面，生物脱硫依赖于特定功能微生物的代谢活动。以硫酸盐还原菌和硫氧化细菌为代表的功能菌株，能够“吃掉”硫化物。硫酸盐还原菌将硫酸根和亚硫酸根还原成硫离子，硫氧化菌再将硫离子转化为生物硫黄。这一过程通过氧化还原电位的合理调控实现选择性转化，既可以选择性地将硫化氢氧化为单质硫，也可以进一步氧化为硫酸盐。

The core process of biological desulfurization is the sulfur cycle mediated by polysulfides, which achieves efficient conversion and separation of hydrogen sulfide to elemental sulfur through the coupling effect of chemical oxidation and biological metabolism. Polysulfides are not only intermediate products in biological desulfurization processes, but also key substrates in the metabolic processes of sulfur oxidizing bacteria. Their concentration and chain length distribution directly affect the selectivity and separation efficiency of elemental sulfur. In terms of microbial mechanisms, biological desulfurization relies on the metabolic activity of specific functional microorganisms. Functional strains represented by sulfate reducing bacteria and sulfur oxidizing bacteria can "eat" sulfides. Sulfate reducing bacteria reduce sulfate and sulfite ions to sulfur ions, which are then converted into biological sulfur by sulfur oxidizing bacteria. This process achieves selective conversion through precise regulation of redox potential, which can selectively oxidize hydrogen sulfide to elemental sulfur or further oxidize it to sulfate.

从工艺实现形式来看，生物脱硫主要有生物过滤法、生物吸附法和生物滴滤法等技术路线。其中，生物滴滤塔技术是非常具代表性的应用形式之一。生物滴滤塔装置主要由碱吸收池、厌氧反应器和好氧反应器三部分组成。其工作原理是：含硫气体首先通入碱吸收池，使硫化物转化为亚硫酸根离子和硫酸根离子；随后在厌氧反应器中，硫酸盐还原菌将上述离子还原为硫离子；非常后在好氧反应器中，硫氧化菌将硫离子氧化为单质硫。这一“碱吸收—厌氧还原—好氧氧化”的完整工艺流程，实现了气体净化与资源化利用的有机结合。通过优化填料设计与气液流动路径，生物滴滤塔具备占地面积小、结构紧凑、运行可靠等优点。

From the perspective of process implementation forms, biological desulfurization mainly includes technical routes such as biological filtration, biological adsorption, and biological drip filtration. Among them, biological drip filtration tower technology is one of the most representative application forms. The biological drip filtration tower device mainly consists of three parts: alkali absorption tank, anaerobic reactor, and aerobic reactor. Its working principle is: sulfur-containing gas is first introduced into the alkali absorption tank, converting sulfides into sulfite ions and sulfate ions; Subsequently, in the anaerobic reactor, sulfate reducing bacteria reduce the aforementioned ions to sulfur ions; Finally, in the aerobic reactor, sulfur oxidizing bacteria oxidize sulfur ions into elemental sulfur. This complete process of "alkali absorption anaerobic reduction aerobic oxidation" achieves the organic combination of gas purification and resource utilization. By optimizing the packing design and gas-liquid flow path, the biological drip filtration tower has the advantages of small footprint, compact structure, and reliable operation.

生物脱硫技术已在工业领域取得了显著的工程应用成果。以天然气脱硫为例，采用生物脱硫技术处理后，二氧化硫浓度可从6500毫克/标准立方米降至小于10毫克/标准立方米，去除率达到99.8%。该技术不仅实现了硫化物的转化，还可回收单质硫作为农业用硫黄。当前，生物脱硫的技术瓶颈主要集中于菌株筛选与脱硫稳定性的优化。随着功能微生物筛选技术的进步和反应器设计的不断优化，生物脱硫正朝着更率、更强稳定性的方向持续发展，在石油、天然气及工业废气处理领域展现出广阔的应用前景

Biological desulfurization technology has achieved significant engineering application results in the industrial field. Taking natural gas desulfurization as an example, after using biological desulfurization technology, the concentration of sulfur dioxide can be reduced from 6500 milligrams per standard cubic meter to less than 10 milligrams per standard cubic meter, with a removal rate of 99.8%. This technology not only achieves efficient conversion of sulfides, but also recovers elemental sulfur as agricultural sulfur. Currently, the technological bottleneck of biological desulfurization mainly focuses on strain screening and optimization of desulfurization stability. With the advancement of functional microbial screening technology and continuous optimization of reactor design, biological desulfurization is continuously developing towards higher efficiency and stronger stability, showing broad application prospects in the fields of petroleum, natural gas, and industrial waste gas treatment

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