沼气作为一种可再生能源，从厌氧发酵装置产出时携带有大量的硫化氢。在我国环保标准中严格规定，利用沼气能源时，沼气气体中硫化氢含量不得超过20mg/m?。沼气中还有大量的水蒸气存在，水与硫化氢共同作用会加速金属管道、阀门和流量计的腐蚀和堵塞。此外，硫化氢燃烧后生成的二氧化硫与燃烧产物中的水蒸气结合成亚硫酸，会对设备金属表面产生腐蚀，并造成大气环境污染，影响人体健康。因此，在使用沼气之前，脱除其中的硫化氢。业内常用的沼气脱硫方法主要有干法脱硫、湿法脱硫和生物法脱硫三种。

Biogas, as a renewable energy source, carries a large amount of hydrogen sulfide when produced from anaerobic fermentation facilities. In China's environmental standards, it is strictly stipulated that when using biogas energy, the hydrogen sulfide content in biogas gas shall not exceed 20mg/m?. There is still a large amount of water vapor present in biogas, and the combined action of water and hydrogen sulfide can accelerate the corrosion and blockage of metal pipelines, valves, and flow meters. In addition, the sulfur dioxide generated after the combustion of hydrogen sulfide combines with the water vapor in the combustion products to form sulfurous acid, which can corrode the metal surface of equipment and cause atmospheric pollution, affecting human health. Therefore, before using biogas, it is necessary to remove hydrogen sulfide from it. The commonly used biogas desulfurization methods in the industry mainly include dry desulfurization, wet desulfurization, and biological desulfurization.

干法脱硫是非常早应用于沼气脱硫的技术之一，其基本原理是以氧气使硫化氢氧化成硫或硫氧化物，也可称为干式氧化法。干法设备的构成是在容器内放入填料，填料层有活性炭、氧化铁等。气体以低流速从一端经过容器内填料层，硫化氢与脱硫剂发生反应而被去除。以氧化铁作为脱硫剂为例，硫化氢与Fe?O?·H?O反应生成Fe?S?；当脱硫剂吸附饱和后，通过自然通风，Fe?S?与氧气和水反应再生为Fe?O?·H?O，同时生成单质硫。干法脱硫的特点是设备制造简单、操作方便，工作过程中无需人员值守，定期换料即可。脱硫剂通常分为活性炭系、氧化铁系、锌锰系等几类，脱硫塔多为固定床层，多塔串联使用。干法脱硫一般适合用于沼气量小、硫化氢浓度低的场景，也常用于湿法脱硫或生物脱硫之后进行精脱硫。

Dry desulfurization is one of the earliest technologies applied to biogas desulfurization. Its basic principle is to use oxygen to oxidize hydrogen sulfide into sulfur or sulfur oxides, also known as dry oxidation method. The composition of the dry process equipment is to place fillers in the container, and the filler layer includes activated carbon, iron oxide, etc. The gas passes through the packing layer inside the container at a low flow rate, and hydrogen sulfide reacts with the desulfurizer to be removed. Taking iron oxide as a desulfurizer as an example, hydrogen sulfide and Fe-O? ·H-O reaction generates Fe-S?; After the desulfurizer is saturated with adsorption, natural ventilation is used, Fe?S? Reacting with oxygen and water to regenerate Fe? O? ·H? O simultaneously generates elemental sulfur. The characteristics of dry desulfurization are simple equipment manufacturing, easy operation, no need for personnel to be on duty during the work process, and regular material replacement. Desulfurizers are usually divided into several types such as activated carbon, iron oxide, zinc manganese, etc. The desulfurization tower is mostly a fixed bed and multiple towers are used in series. Dry desulfurization is generally suitable for scenarios with low biogas production and low hydrogen sulfide concentration, and is also commonly used for fine desulfurization after wet desulfurization or biological desulfurization.

湿法脱硫是将沼气送入洗涤塔，经碱性溶液洗涤吸收后流出。洗涤液进入富液槽和再生槽，通过使用化学药剂方法催化、氧化，非常终将硫化物转化为单质硫（硫泡沫），吸收液可以再生循环使用。湿法脱硫工艺采用碱液（氢氧化钠或碳酸钠）与沼气逆流接触脱除硫化氢，在再生槽内通过特定的催化剂（萘醌类物质），将碱液吸收后的硫化氢催化生成单质硫、硫代硫酸盐、硫酸盐，同时碱液大部分得到再生，可继续在洗涤塔内吸收硫化氢。湿法脱硫工艺大大减轻了干法脱硫工艺的劳动强度。湿法脱硫可以归纳分为物理吸收法、化学吸收法和氧化法三种，成熟的氧化脱硫法脱硫效率可达99.5%以上。近年来新兴的络合铁湿法脱硫技术，通过Fe??催化氧化硫化氢为硫磺，脱硫效率达99%以上，且不受二氧化碳干扰。

Wet desulfurization is the process of sending biogas into a washing tower, which is washed and absorbed by an alkaline solution before flowing out. The washing solution enters the rich solution tank and regeneration tank, and finally converts sulfide into elemental sulfur (sulfur foam) through catalysis and oxidation using chemical agents. The absorption solution can be regenerated and recycled. The wet desulfurization process uses alkaline solution (sodium hydroxide or sodium carbonate) to counter flow with biogas to remove hydrogen sulfide. In the regeneration tank, specific catalysts (naphthoquinone substances) are used to catalyze the hydrogen sulfide absorbed by the alkaline solution into elemental sulfur, thiosulfate, and sulfate. At the same time, most of the alkaline solution is regenerated and can continue to absorb hydrogen sulfide in the washing tower. The wet desulfurization process greatly reduces the labor intensity of the dry desulfurization process. Wet desulfurization can be classified into three types: physical absorption method, chemical absorption method, and oxidation method. The mature oxidation desulfurization method has a desulfurization efficiency of over 99.5%. In recent years, the emerging complex iron wet desulfurization technology has been developed, which utilizes Fe?? Catalytic oxidation of hydrogen sulfide to sulfur, with a desulfurization efficiency of over 99%, and not affected by carbon dioxide interference.

干法和湿法作为传统的化学脱硫方法，是目前沼气脱硫的主要手段，但也存在污染大、成本高、效率低等问题。干法脱硫需要定期更换脱硫剂，运行成本随脱硫剂消耗而累积；湿法脱硫则面临废液处理和催化剂消耗等挑战。这些局限性推动了更为环保的生物脱硫技术的发展。

Dry and wet methods, as traditional chemical desulfurization methods, are currently the main means of biogas desulfurization, but they also have problems such as high pollution, high cost, and low efficiency. Dry desulfurization requires regular replacement of desulfurizers, and operating costs accumulate with the consumption of desulfurizers; Wet desulfurization faces challenges such as waste liquid treatment and catalyst consumption. These limitations have driven the development of more environmentally friendly and efficient biological desulfurization technologies.

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