沼气提纯是生物质能源利用的关键环节，其核心在于去除甲烷中的二氧化碳、硫化氢等杂质，提升燃气热值至天然气标准。当前主流技术包括变压吸附法、化学吸收法与压力水洗法，三者技术路径各异，适用场景互补。

　　Biogas purification is a key link in the utilization of biomass energy, with the core being the removal of impurities such as carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide from methane, and the improvement of gas calorific value to natural gas standards. The current mainstream technologies include pressure swing adsorption, chemical absorption, and pressure water washing, which have different technical paths and complementary application scenarios.

　　变压吸附法以分子筛或活性炭为吸附剂，利用气体组分在吸附剂表面吸附力的差异实现分离。在高压条件下，二氧化碳、硫化氢等强极性分子被优先吸附，甲烷则穿透床层；降压后吸附剂再生，杂质气体解吸排出。该技术优势显著：吸附周期短，单周期处理量可达每小时数千立方米；模块化设计便于扩容，尤其适合中小型沼气工程。然而，吸附剂需定期更换或热再生，运营成本占比较高。

　　The pressure swing adsorption method uses molecular sieves or activated carbon as adsorbents, and utilizes the difference in adsorption force of gas components on the surface of the adsorbent to achieve separation. Under high pressure conditions, strongly polar molecules such as carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide are preferentially adsorbed, while methane penetrates the bed; After depressurization, the adsorbent regenerates and impurities are desorbed and discharged. This technology has significant advantages: the adsorption cycle is short, and the single cycle processing capacity can reach thousands of cubic meters per hour; Modular design facilitates expansion, especially suitable for small and medium-sized biogas projects. However, adsorbents require regular replacement or thermal regeneration, which accounts for a relatively high operating cost.

　　化学吸收法通过碱性溶液与酸性气体反应实现提纯。以乙醇胺溶液为例，其在吸收塔内与沼气逆流接触，选择性吸收二氧化碳和硫化氢；富液进入再生塔加热解吸，释放的酸性气体可回收制硫磺或碳酸盐。该技术净化度高，可将甲烷纯度提升至98%以上，且能同步脱除硫化物，满足车用燃料标准。但溶剂再生需消耗蒸汽，能耗占运行成本的30%-40%，且溶液降解产生的热稳定性盐需定期处理。

　　Chemical absorption method achieves purification by reacting alkaline solution with acidic gas. Taking ethanolamine solution as an example, it selectively absorbs carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide by countercurrent contact with biogas in the absorption tower; The rich solution enters the regeneration tower for heating and desorption, and the released acidic gas can be recovered to produce sulfur or carbonate. This technology has a high degree of purification, which can increase the purity of methane to over 98%, and can simultaneously remove sulfides, meeting the standards for automotive fuels. However, solvent regeneration requires steam consumption, which accounts for 30% -40% of operating costs, and the thermally stable salts generated by solution degradation need to be treated regularly.

　　压力水洗法利用气体溶解度差异进行分离。在加压条件下，沼气与循环水在填料塔内充分接触，二氧化碳因溶解度高被水吸收，甲烷则从塔顶逸出。富液经减压闪蒸释放二氧化碳，部分水汽冷凝回流，实现溶液循环。该技术设备简单、投资成本低，尤其适用于含水量高的沼气原料。但水洗过程需处理大量含杂质废水，且压力波动易导致甲烷溶解损失，实际运行中需严格控制操作压力在0.8-1.2MPa范围内。

　　The pressure water washing method utilizes the difference in gas solubility for separation. Under pressurized conditions, biogas and circulating water come into full contact within the packed tower. Carbon dioxide is absorbed by water due to its high solubility, while methane escapes from the top of the tower. The rich solution releases carbon dioxide through vacuum flash evaporation, and some water vapor condenses and refluxes to achieve solution circulation. This technology has simple equipment and low investment cost, especially suitable for biogas raw materials with high moisture content. However, the water washing process requires the treatment of a large amount of wastewater containing impurities, and pressure fluctuations can easily lead to methane dissolution losses. In actual operation, it is necessary to strictly control the operating pressure within the range of 0.8-1.2MPa.

　　技术选型需综合考量原料特性、产品用途及经济性。对于餐厨垃圾沼气，因含硫量较高，化学吸收法可实现脱硫提纯一体化；在养殖场沼气工程中，变压吸附法凭借其灵活性和低维护需求占据主流；而压力水洗法因抗杂质冲击能力强，常被用于预处理阶段。随着膜分离、低温冷凝等新兴技术的发展，沼气提纯正朝着高效化、集成化方向演进，为生物天然气产业化提供技术支撑。

　　The selection of technology should comprehensively consider the characteristics of raw materials, product use, and economy. For kitchen waste biogas, due to its high sulfur content, chemical absorption method can achieve integrated desulfurization and purification; In biogas engineering in breeding farms, pressure swing adsorption method dominates due to its flexibility and low maintenance requirements; The pressure water washing method is often used in the pretreatment stage due to its strong resistance to impurity impact. With the development of emerging technologies such as membrane separation and low-temperature condensation, biogas purification is evolving towards high efficiency and integration, providing technical support for the industrialization of biogas.

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